[3] These worshippers are known as Greek pagans or Hellenes, and they believe in reviving their cultures pre-Christian religion. Who is your favorite Greek god/goddess? Each aspect of our mythology clothing line has been carefully designed to level up your performance and confidence. [1] The Greeks had rings, wreaths, diadems, bracelets, armbands, pins, pendants, necklaces, and earrings. AkashaShrine. Adaptation of work attributed to Kallimachos, Roman copy of Greek original by Kephisodotos, Department of Greek and Roman Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. On the rare occasion of colder weather, ancient Greeks wore wool. In dress, as in the other applied arts, they drew their inspiration and knowledge from a mixture of sources, chiefly Greek and Middle Eastern. It was a long, tubular cloth with the top edge folded down about halfway, so that the top of the tube was now draped below the waist and the bottom of the tube was at the ankle. A warrior stands beside the family altar preparing to leave for war. While versatile and stylish options began to appear in the late Middle Ages, the shoes of ancient Greece were largely utilitarian. Ive picked earrings that resemble coins because in Greek mythology the dead need to pay for passage into the Underworld on the river Styx. Constituted for the archaeologist and thehistorian the main sourcefor understanding thestyle, the costumes, hairstyle, habits of theGrecians. They draped the head with the cloak and, in the Hellenistic period, sometimes perched a straw hat on top. Ancient Greek civilians typically wore two pieces of clothing draped about the body: an undergarment (: chitn or : pplos) and a cloak (: himtion or : chlams).[1]. Usually made of wool, the tunic, just like in Ancient Greece, was the most basic item of clothing in Ancient Rome. The smaller onethe chlamyswas of dark wool and was worn pinned on one shoulder, usually leaving the right arm free. Ancient Greek clothing was mainly based on necessity, function, materials, and protection rather than identity. Classical Greek and Hellenistic statues sometimes depict Greek women with both their head and face covered by a veil. Nudity was a costume used by artists to depict various roles of men, ranging from heroicism and status to defeat. The garments for men and women were similar, consisting of oblong pieces of fabric in different sizes and materials, draped in various ways and held in place by ribbons and decorative pins. Unless friends are coming over of course. [8][9][10], A predecessor to the himation, the peplos was a square piece of cloth that was originally worn over the chiton by women. By that time, one of the Orthodox Church . Some assume that the Greeks wore only white because the recovered statues from this time showed white drapery. All ancient Greek clothing was made out of natural fibers. According to one theory, they were called like this because they had their feet covered with wolf-skins, to prevent frostbites. All payment information is secured and encrypted for your privacy. Accessorize with a coral shell necklace, a pair of sunglasses, and a horseshoe bracelet in honor of Poseidons animal symbol. How can we experience true freedom in Christ? His father was the personal physician of the King of Macedonia. Several factors led to the fall of the old Greek belief system, including natural disasters, the conversion of influential politicians, and more. Just like the Greeks, the Ancient Romanswore very simple clothes draped around the bodyor fastened with clasps and brooches. With Mythologys clothing you dont have to compromise style for a great fit. Greek jewelry was very fine and was, especially in the later centuries, worn in abundance. Up to about 500 bce is described as the Archaic period. Mythology Clothing Co. understands your passion and commitment to your ultimate form. Though his original nature is obscure, from the time of Homer onward he was the god of divine distance, who sent or threatened from afar; the god who made . Originally it was wrapped around the waist like a loincloth, but by the end of the fifth century BC it was worn over the elbows. The theatres were built on hillsides in the open airand could often hold more than 18,000 spectators. It was draped diagonally over one shoulder or symmetrically over both shoulders, like a stole. Both the peplos and chiton were floor-length garments that were usually long enough to be pulled over the belt, creating a pouch known as a kolpos. The Greeks colonized southern Italy and Sicily from the later 7th century bce, but it was the Etruscans who introduced a high standard of civilization, in the previous century, to the central region of the peninsula. Hair were bleached also or with airlines.Brunette type liked to have golden hair and they could achieve by using vinegar in the sun or yellow flower dye. Fun fact: because of his permanent residence in the Underworld, Hades is often not considered one of the twelve Olympians, as he never visits Mount Olympus. A variation on the chiton style for both sexes was achieved by wearing a double girdle, one at waist level and one around the hips, the material being bloused out in between. It was a full-length garment that was fastened at the shoulders with a pin or brooch. This series is such a great and unique idea , Copyright 2007-2023 College Fashion LLC Its boot-like shape could cover up the whole foot and it had thicker soles. Join Ted's Army http://bit.ly/tedcarr Te. Large pins, called peronai and also fibulae, were worn at the shoulders, facing down, to hold the chiton or peplos in place. This body-length garment was the most common attire for women in ancient Greece. [1], The himation could be pulled up over the head to cover the wearer when they were overcome by emotion or shame. The Greeks used the term anaxyrides for pants and thought that wearing pants was a sign of barbarism and they even found them ridiculous. In the 8th and 7th centuries bce the Ionians developed an extensive trading economy around the Mediterranean region from Gaul in the west to Libya in the east. Talaria: mythological winged sandals Every single one of ourmythological t-shirts and hoodies is designed by our in-house team, who are just like you fans of mythology and history. Artists demonstrated the physical prowess men used to defeat their enemies. There are two types of chitons Doric and Ionic, named for their similarities to the Doric and Ionic columns. Popular earring designs included: flying gods and goddesses, like Eros, Nike, and Ganymede. Almost every Greek city had a theatre beart of many religious festivals. Krokotos () was a saffron-coloured robe/chiton. Up to about 500 bce is described as the Archaic period. This piece of clothing was popularly worn both by men and women in ancient Greece as a sleeveless shirt, and was at the height of its popularity from the Archaic period (750500 BC) to the Hellenistic period (32330 BC). He is also considered to be the tamer of horses (or their creator, in some myths). There was a low-crowned, broad-brimmed stylethe petasosand a brimless cap, the pilos. Fashion of today inspired by GREECE/ LANVIN, REFERENCE: [clarification needed] Much like that on the caryatid above, the Doric chiton has a fold over at the top or Apoptygma, is attached with fibulae at the shoulders, and is belted at the waist. [1], Men and women sometimes wore triangular loincloths, called perizoma, as underwear.[1]. This particular piece of clothing first emerged somewhere around the sixth century BC. Over time, himation was made from lighter materials and was worn in every weather. FABRIC AND ACCESSORIES Male nudes are the norm in Greek art, even though historians have stated that ancient Greeks kept their clothes on for the most part. Greco-Roman paganism was later replaced by Christianity, which didnt tolerate the worship of multiple gods. A standard sandal featured a single piece of leather secured to the sole of the foot with laces which pulled the tops of the shoes together when tied, leaving the toes exposed. Sometimes the peplos was worn alone as an alternative form of chiton. "While wearing beards and long hair you (Eastern Orthodox) reject the bond of brotherhood with the Roman clergy, since they shave and cut their hair," it stated, in an early proof that the custom had already divided Christianity to some extent. Pedley, John Griffiths. Now for those who you who are not familiar with this aspect of ancient Greece, nudity was quite common depending on the place and the occasion. When Aristotle turned 17, he went to Athens to study with Plato. f they were cold they wore a shawl . Pants, just like in Greece, were considered to be barbarous garments by the Romans. 3. They quickly developed their culture in their new land, and, soon after 700 bce, they were living in an urban society capable of a high standard of building and visual arts. MINOAN CULTURE 3000 1600 BC God of Wine, Agriculture, and Fertility of Nature. (Because there are so many images of Greek athletes, some lay people have assumed the Greeks were in their birthday suits all the time.). But according to a recent study, nothing was further from the truth, as it appears ancient Greek women routinely wore the veil as well. It could be worn over other clothing, but was often the sole item of clothing for young soldiers and messengers, at least in Greek art. brb, need to see the outfits , I love Greek mythology, and these outfits! Nobody should feel uncomfortable or forced to look the other way when seeing how we are dressed. The cloak (himation) worn by both women and men was essentially a rectangular piece of heavy fabric, either woolen or linen. Greek Mythology Mythical Creatures T-Shirt - Ancient Greece Gods Tee - Greek Monsters Clothing - Greek Mythology Clothes - Mythology Outfit. For an outfit inspired by the patron of heavens, pair a navy skirt (similar to the color of a night sky) with a scalloped-collar shirt (I always associate this shape with clouds), and youre ready for your office internship! [13][14] In addition, it was worn by some units of light infantry. This oral poet is thought to have been active sometime between 750 and 650 . The god of truth, Artemis Daughter of Zeus and Leto. Theskirt she is wearing may have hadframework underneath it to supportthe bell shape of it. It consisted of a wide, rectangular tube of material secured along the shoulders and lower arms by a series of fasteners. Leviticus 19:19 says, "Keep my decrees. 1. On this. People in ancient Greece wore clothes that were home-woven and quite often very colorful, and one look tells us that those clothes were very much influenced by the outfits of the ancient Egyptians. Future US, Inc. Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, Women made complicated hairstyles, breads, ringlets, topknots and chignons. (1,976) $23.92. [18], Egkuklon () and Tougkuklon () were woman's upper garment. Often the chiton was wide enough to allow for sleeves that were fastened along the upper arms with pins or buttons. Pants were originally associated with the Persians, Scythians, Sarmatians, Eastern and Central Asian peoples. In these cases, nudity was chosen to represent the subjects' vulnerabilities. Our apparel is not for the weak of heart. Goddess of Wisdom, War, Art, Industry, Justice, and Skill. The simplicity of the dress was offset by the myriad ways of wearing it, a sophistication achieved by personal expression of the wearer. The festival honors Prometheus, a minor Titan who stole fire from the gods and gave it to mankind. While early Minoan men usually went barechested,in the later years of theMinoanCivilization men often wore simple tunics and longrobes. Footwear was not used very often and Greeks mostly walked barefoot, especially in the house, but in case they needed one, they wore leather sandals or leather boots. Made of one or two pieces of fabric, it hung from the shoulder pins to above or below the waist girdle. Greek Mythology 101. Source of information It is known, however, that buildings and ornament were painted in bright colours, and literary sources report colour being employed. Charcoal was used for the eyes, eye shadow, liner. 3d ed., rev. But Christianity was unable to coexist with Greco-Roman paganism. Our apparel isnt your typical off the rack fit or style! Red on the lips came from the red ochre. The Pan-African flag's colors each had symbolic meaning. Hellenism is more about connecting with the ancient Greeks than worshiping literal gods. We have costumes for men, women and kids, along with accessories to add that perfect finishing detail! From Percy Jackson to God of War to Hadestown, the Greek gods and the myths surrounding them fascinate and entertain modern readers, despite these stories being thousands of years old. It is also noticeable that Greek senators and other officials associated with the government wore a certain style of epiblema during working hours. They typically wore purple as a sign of wealth and money as it was the most expensive dye to get hold of. Zeus is not only the king of gods, but also the god of the sky, of thunder and lightning, law and order, justice, and kingship. The clothing for both men and women generally consisted of two main parts: a tunic and a cloak. For Greeks, regardless of how old you are, Name Day is an important celebration because it ties you to your namesake saint, which Orthodox Christians believe brings you closer to God. Hellenism is more about rejecting Christianity than revering the Greek gods. Men wore a loincloth. Gaia (goddess of the Earth) and Uranus (god of the sky) gave birth to the Titans. Some Etruscan garments presaged later styles; for example, the tebenna, a semicircular mantle, was an early version of the Roman toga, and a decorative collar derived from Egypt anticipated a later Byzantine version. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1984. For example, the Romans didnt outlaw the Greek gods when they conquered Greece. In antiquity, clothing was usually homemade and the same piece of homespun fabric could serve as a garment, shroud, or blanket. However,as soon as the Empire started extending beyond the Mediterranean, pants became commonamong Roman soldiers and would continue to remain popular throughout the Byzantine period and beyond. Moreover, amythology is a collection of myths or stories about a specific person, culture, religion, or any group with shared beliefs. It is seen on their oldest monuments. They pray together, choose ancient names that honor the gods, and even perform marriages. Customarily, clothing was homemade and cut to various lengths of rectangular linen or wool fabric with minimal cutting or sewing, and secured with ornamental clasps or pins, and a belt, or girdle (: zn). New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. CLASSICAL GREEKS: CLOTHING INTRODUCTION 700 146 BC Goddess of the Night and the Hunt. From Percy Jackson to God of War to Hadestown, the Greek gods and the myths surrounding them fascinate and entertain modern readers, despite these stories being thousands of years old. Last but not least, put on black heels, and its time to party! The stage was a raised area within this circle. Mythology is an allegorical narrative, a body of myths such as the myths dealing with the gods, demigods, and legendary heroes of a particular people, or a branch of knowledge that deals with myth. Kosmetikosis the Greek term for cosmetics meaning sins of tranquillity, harmony, and order. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, Chitoniskos, John Conington, Commentary on Vergil's Aeneid, Volume 2, 9.616, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Manica, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, Chiridotos, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Epiblma, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed., Comoedia, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Exmis, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed., Encomboma, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Encombma, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, sisura, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, Tribon, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed., Pallium, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Tribon, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Dalmatica, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890)William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed., Ampechone, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, Ampechone, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Ampechone, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890) William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed., calceus, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Crepida, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Embas, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Calantica, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, krhdemnon, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Calautica, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Ampyx, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Clothing, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Abolla, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Ephestris, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Epiblema, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Amictus, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Pallium, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Palla, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Paludamentum, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Cingulum, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Mitra, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Tunica, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Laena, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Lacerna, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Cucullus, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Cyclas, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Calceus, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Calceus, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Carbatina, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Crepida, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Cothurnus, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Caliga, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Baucides, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Baucides, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Baxeae, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Baxeae, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Embas, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Embas, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Endromis, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Soccus, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Solea, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Talaria, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Zancha, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Fulmenta, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Gallicae, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Ligula, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Obstragulum, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Phaecasium, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Sandalium, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Strophium, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Armilla, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Inauris, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Nodus, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Bulla, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Amuletum, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Fibula, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Caliendrum, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Redimiculum, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Cincinnus, Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Coma, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clothing_in_ancient_Greece&oldid=1140812084, Articles needing additional references from February 2019, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2021, Articles needing additional references from August 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 22:27. Buskin: used by soldiers, hunters, actors. [2] There is evidence of elaborate design and bright colors, but these were less common among lower-class citizens. Only men could be full citizens. Cotton and silk were used occasionally. [39][38], Crepida (), was a kind of shoe between a closed boot and plain sandals. Women also wore close-fitting blouses that were cut low in thefront to expose the breasts. Eventually, paganism was outlawed completely. Alexander the Great In addition to the leather sandal, the Greeks also wore a boot-like piece of footwear called the cothurnus. ; The Titans ruled the world until they were overthrown by the Olympians (the twelve gods we know and love). If youre ready to join the rest of us history buffs in taking your swag to the next level, take a look around our shop and discover our wearable motivation inspired by mythological beings from around the world. Photo Credit. Hurwit's research of these nuances of Greek art also offers a glimpse into the cultural source of our civilization today. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. Brunette type liked to have golden hair and they could achieve by using vinegar in the sun or yellow flower dye. The Dorians had invaded the Minoan kingdoms in Crete and the Peloponnese from about . The blouse she iswearing is also sewn and then cutrather low. Throughout human history, each age and era had certain social features that made them stand apart from each other. ", Hurwit's newly published research shows that the Greeks did walk around in the buff in some situations. Sandals were worn by bothgenders with various types and fastener stalaria, SHOES Alexander the Great was born in 356 B.C. They liked to have long hair. This sandal originated way back in the beginning of the ancient Greek civilization. [2] However, women usually wore their robes to their ankles while men generally wore theirs to their knees depending on the occasion and circumstance. He designed a machine, called the Archimedean screw, whichcould make water flow uphill. Once made, the cloth was rarely cut. That would rule out wearing clothing that exposes or accentuates private parts of our anatomy. It was said to be more popular with the Doric chitons which had no sleeves, and it is thought that the epiblema was more popular among women, especially when strolling outside the comfort of their homes. Her twin brother is Apollo Artemis is the huntsman of the gods, Athena Goddess of the city, handicrafts, and agriculture. They were already using olive oil for moistening their hair. Johnson, Marie, Ethel B. Abrahams, and Maria M. L. Evans. A bare left shoulder was taken as a sign of barbarism, so men used to carefully wrap it around their left shoulders. All rights reserved. In other words, it was an ancient Greek shawl. [1] Greek gods were combined with Roman equivalents, such as Zeus with Jupiter and Athena with Minerva. $29.90 (20% off) FREE shipping. It is for those who know the meaning of true godly power and want clothing that reflects their strength. Ancient Greek Dress. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. "In ancient Greek art, there are many different kinds of nudity that can mean many different things," said Jeffrey Hurwit, an historian of ancient art at the University of Oregon. Icarus became well known in legends mainly on account of his father, Daedalus, a master craftsman and skilled artisan. Spartan women, as well as men, would sometimes be naked during public processions and festivals. Women were using also fresh flowers, ribbons, tiaras, gold and silver hairpins, and head dresses. This group of girls would spend nine months making the sacred peploi. The chiton was made of a much lighter material, usually imported linen. The Greeks believedthat these gods andgoddesses controlled everything in their lives and the environment. Gold and silver were the most common mediums for jewelry. Generally, when we speak about Greeks we speak about the classical Greeks from 7 th centuryonwards,with the famous people like Plato, Aristophanes, Sophocles etc. Minoans women 2 vols. But why do these stories only exist in works of fiction? Archimedes was able to tell fools gold from real gold. Clothing for both women and men consisted of two main garmentsa tunic (either a peplos or chiton) and a cloak (himation). God of the north wind. Minoans wore a variety of complex garments thatwere sewn together in very much the God of the underworld, ruling over the dead. Fourth-Century Styles in Greek Sculpture. Long piecesof colourful fabric were used to make the Greek clothes. They taught their beliefs were the only true ones and needed to share this truth with others. When the Roman Empire absorbed the Greek religion, the Greeks continued to worship their gods. Also see Did Greek Gods Have Last Names? While no clothes have survived from this period,Greek vase paintings and sculptures show that the fabrics were colored and decorated with ornate patterns. Beards were common until the time of Alexander. Visit our corporate site (opens in new tab). In antiquity, clothing was usually homemade and the same piece of homespun fabric could serve as a garment, shroud, or blanket. Warriors and heroes are often, but not always, represented in the nude. Hes not one of the twelve Olympian gods that the Hellenes purport to worship. Both sexes used perfume, and women employed extensive makeup to give brilliance to their eyes, lashes, and cheeks. As mentioned earlier, aidos, the biblical word for "modesty," means appropriate respect and regard. Examples of Mythology are fables, fairy tales, folktales, sagas, epics, legends, and etiologic tales, which refer to causes or explain why a thing or cultural norm/practice is the way it is. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Grant, Michael, and John Hazel. Aristotle (382-322 BC) discovered many things in scienceand biology. They would cut their hair for morning. CHLAMYS was worn by soldiers, instead of Chiton. White lead was mixed with water andapplied on their face, neck, shouldersand arms to create a smooth paleskin. The Romans merely gave the gods new names and slight changes. [17], Allix () and Gallix () was a chlamys according to Thessalians. [1], The himation was a simple outer garment worn over the peplos or chiton. When it comes to the famous clothes of ancient Greece, there were quite a few outfits that were not only popular back then, but which have also had an impact on subsequent cultures. Greek plays were either comedies or tragedies. Apollo is the god of music, playing a golden lyre. Greek literature, architecture, and sculpture were particularly fine.